Feminists for example argue that the traditional nuclear family, which is seen as necessary by Parsons, oppresses women, as they are expected to fulfil the housewife role, which ultimately makes women dependent on men for an income, and ends up benefitting men who benefit from women’s emotional and domestic labour. In simple terms, they can be described as the different perspectives or angles scholars use to evaluate literature. REM acts as a multi-tasking watchman; it allows the organism to engage in much-needed sleep, while also keeping a close eye out for signs of imminent harm (Snyder, 1966). A few neural correlates have been linked to dreaming, particularly those involved in rapid-eye movement, or REM sleep. Plato’s comments of drama 3. Breger also proposes a psychological function for dreams, a function that relates both the developmental and evolutionary aspects of dreaming to the psychological reasoning behind why dreams occur. The first purpose is of a developmental nature. Why exactly do we have emotions? He claims that Freud developed his theories according to divine dreams from his childhood, and lacks any concrete data to support his psychoanalytic theories (Webster, 1996). Herzberg’s motivation/hygiene theory is a lso known as the two-factor theory. Biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour.Biological psychology is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes and the underlying physiological events—or, in other words, the mind-body phenomenon. Through this type of dream analysis, Freud noticed that certain words have other meanings that signify thoughts or wishes that might not be appropriate to express in a conscious state. Freud's wish-fulfillment, information-processing, physiological function, activation-synthesis, and cognitive development What is the criticism for Freud's wish-fulfillment theory? It is a Y chromosome that makes a person male. Instead of looking solely at the behavior of subjects, as in the psychoanalytic approach, the psychobiological approach aims to empirically connect the biological and physiological components associated with dreams to explain their function. Although the psychobiological theory provides solid evidence as to the biological aspects involved in dreaming, it fails to adequately explain the psychological reasons behind why dreams occur. In his 2000 article ‘Dreaming and the brain,’ Hobson empirically shows that there is a distinct difference between REM sleep and the waking state. Although historians of cytology have dismissed Huxley’s criticism as based on an erroneous interpretation of cell physiology, the review is better understood as a contribution to embryology. In other words, if heredity (i.e., genetics) affects a given trait or behavior, then identical twins should show a greater similarity for that trait compared to fraternal (non-identical) twins.There are two types of twins: 1. Sketching out some feminist historyof the terms provides a helpful starting point. Twin studies provide geneticists with a kind of natural experiment in which the behavioral likeness of identical twins (whose genetic relatedness is 1.0) can be compared with the resemblance of dizygotic twins (whose genetic relatedness is 0.5). Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. When looking at the evolutionary function of dreaming, Breger references a 1966 article written by the chief of psychophysiology of sleep at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) during the 1960s. B. Molecular aspects of redox regulation: gain of function, loss of function, or outright destruction 79 C. Regulated versus uncontrolled free radical production: increased ROS levels in old age and disease 79 D. Chances for therapeutic intervention and perspectives 80 Dro¨ge, Wulf. In functionalist theory, the different parts of society are primarily composed of social institutions, each designed to fill different needs. What causes us to have these feelings? Functionalism is a theory about the nature of mental states. We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. In 1853, the young Thomas Henry Huxley published a long review of German cell theory in which he roundly criticized the basic tenets of the Schleiden-Schwann model of the cell. While Freud’s psychoanalytic theory serves as a good starting point when thinking about dreams in terms of their function, it is not a very realistic theory; there is no empirical evidence to support Freud’s claims, and most of his analyses are purely subjective, not objective. lacks scientific support, dreams may be interpreted in many different ways Support for this theory is provided by 2011 research that shows periods of REM sleep increase following periods of sleep deprivation and strenuous physical activity. Since much of dreaming occurs during REM sleep, it could be implied that dreams play a crucial role in the beneficial stimulation of CNS development. While the theory is supported by many research experiments, and scientists have learned a considerable amount about the various biological and chemical correlates involved in dreaming, the theory does not provide a sufficient explanation as to the primary function of dreams. Another well-known physiological theory is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Further research should be conducted on the physiological processes that occur during dreams, particularly during the REM stage of the sleep cycle. Through these empirical studies, scientists have discovered specific areas of the brain that are involved in dreaming. Emotions exert an incredibly powerful force on human behavior. Although Freud makes an interesting argument as to the function of dreams, his theory lacks empirical evidence and thus should not be considered as the primary explanation behind the purpose of dreams. That is why qi is called the root of life. According to Dr J. Allan Hobson, the major function of the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep associated with dreams is physiological rather than … He points to an article from 1966 that suggests REM sleep is important in the early stages of the central nervous system’s (CNS) development. It as if people are just pretending to obey social norms, but when you dig deeper and look at things more qualitatively, behind closed doors, this isn’t necessarily the case, and everyone is ‘doing their own thing’. Additionally, scientists have compared the findings and advances in psycholinguistics to the expanding field of the study of dreams and their associated processes and functions. Also problematic is the somewhat circular nature of this theory; repetitive behavior patterns are assumed to have a function, yet we profess to know that they have a function only because they are repeated. Qi in different viscera and organs functions differently. The appearance of the instrument which can indicate such physiological functions depends on the particular function measured. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. What is the criticism for the information-processing theory? … No external influences are to be taken into consideration, strictly the writing itself. gies 1. Dr. Frederick Snyder (1966) suggests that REM sleep, during which dreams occur, is a crucial, preparatory state for organisms. His criticism of gender theory, however—its equivocations, errors, and absurdities—is one of the best and most extensive to date. There is a considerable amount of evidence against this view – for example despite most people being socialised into traditional gender norms, many people today develop LGTBIQ identities; despite being socialised to obey the law, self-report studies show high levels of minor criminality. From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are: physiological (food and clothing), safety (job security), love and belonging needs (friendship), esteem, and self-actualization. Conflict theorists (Marxists and Feminists) point out that Functionalists have a rose tinted view of society – they focus too much on the positive functions that institutions perform, ignoring the negative ways in which institutions and socialisation can have on certain people. This is probably overkill to get you the 10 marks. A level sociology revision – education, families, research methods, crime and deviance and more! In fact, much of Freud’s early work in the field of psychoanalysis has been discredited due to lack of scientific data. All My A Level Sociology Revision Resources, The Functionalist Perspective on the Family, Positivism and Interpretivism in Social Research, The Functionalist Perspective on Crime and Deviance, Environmental problems and sustainable development, Social Action Theory (Interpretivism and Interactionism), Social class, wealth and income inequalities. Criticism of the theory was hars anh d devastating (4, 8-10, 14). Myers Briggs theory is based on four psychological functions – Sensing, iNtuition, Thinking, and Feeling. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Even after receiving criticism for being western in nature, the theory is still relevant and a significant part of management studies. B. two-factor theory. The importance of dreams, however, is a more debatable issue due to the lack of tangible, substantial evidence in favor of its advantages and overall functions. Free Radicals in the Physiological Control of Cell Function. Two researchers have postulated that dreams have a biological function, where the content requires no analysis or interpretation, that content providing an automatic stimulation of the body's physiological functions underpinning the human instinctive behaviour. Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Literary theory consists of a variety of scholarly approaches to evaluate a study. According to him if people grew in an environment in which their needs are not met, they will be unlikely to function as healthy individuals or well-adjusted individuals. The question below is a possible 10 mark question for the AQA’s Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods paper (paper 3), Outline and explain two criticisms of the Functionalist view of society (10). Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Particularly, Freud analyzed the dreams for any underlying feelings or repressed desires that may be unacceptable to voice in a conscious state. Freud believed that all dreams could be interpreted based upon his psychoanalytic theory, also known as Freudian psychology. A slightly later physiological theory suggested that some crime might be attributable to a chromosomal abnormality. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Through observational and empirical research, they have found that sleep is an important, necessary process in most animals. Using Pavlovian principles, addiction occurs because of both the pleasurable physiological effects of nicotine and alcohol, unconditioned stimuli, and the taste of nicotine and alcohol, conditioned stimuli. The essay deals with Arnold’s interpretation of criticism and his critique of writers who write politically or religiously biased literature thus narrowing its scope. Aside from linguistics, Domhoff also sheds light on various observational studies that have been conducted with respect to dreams; he shows that dreams are often unchanging and repetitive, and they often portray topics with which the dreamer is preoccupied (2002). This possible function for dreams poses many physical, mental, and social health implications; if dreams are the medium through which the subconscious mind speak, then they could play a beneficial role in the subject’s life and well-being. ...Grace Lear Ms. Joan Richmond English 2261 17 Feb. 2013 New Criticism: A Focused Summary New criticism is a type of literary theory that focuses on the close reading of literature and how the literature functions as the object it’s meant to be. The start of studying physiology dates back to 420 BC in the time of Hippocrates. Critically evaluate Plato’s charges against poetry 2. What is the criticism for Freud's wish-fulfillment theory? Roffwarg’s team hypothesizes that there is an ‘endogenous stimulation’ (Breger, 1967, p. 2) that occurs during REM that affects CNS development in a positive way. 1. It is more scientifically accurate than the psychoanalytic theory, yet it does not provide sufficient reasoning as to the social, physical, and mental health reasons why dreams exist, and thus is not an acceptable theory to explain the function of dreams. The psychobiological theory focuses on the biological interactions associated with sleep and dreams based on verifiable, empirical evidence. Psychology. Given a state of physiological arousal for which an individual has no immediate explanation, he will "label" this state and describe his feelings in terms of the cognitions available to him. Hobson and colleagues (2000) employed neuroimaging to look at the physiological differences that occur between REM sleep and waking. LITERARY CRITICISM AND THEORY Page 8 3. PDF | On Aug 4, 1910, Jeffreyson Wahalng published ROBERT.K. to 322 B.C. This developmental role dreams play has some mental and physical health implications; if the CNS does not develop properly, for example, the individual could be stricken with a number of CNS disorders that affect mental and physical development. VAT Registration No: 842417633. You could take this criticism even further by arguing that Functionalist theory is itself ideological – by arguing that societies need nuclear families to provide effective socialisation, this theory itself reinforces the social order. The psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its explanation for the function of dreams, has received much criticism from the psychological field. Critical considerations of Physiological function theory. The psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its explanation for the function of dreams, has received much criticism from the psychological field.